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High youth unemployment rates may be a signal of difficult labor market entry for youth or may reflect high churning. The European and United States literature finds the latter conclusion while the Latin American literature suggests the former. This paper uses panel data to examine whether Latin American youth follow OECD patterns or are, indeed, unique. By decomposing transition matrices into propensity to move and rate of separation matrices and estimating duration matrices, the authors find that Latin American youth do follow the OECD trends: their high unemployment reflects high churning while their duration of unemployment is similar to that of non-youth. The paper also finds that young adults (age 19-24) have higher churning rates than youth; most churning occurs between informal wage employment, unemployment, and out-of-the labor force, even for non-poor youth; and unemployment probabilities are similar for men and women when the analysis control for greater churning by young men. The findings suggest that the "first employment" programs that have become popular in the region are not addressing the key constraints to labor market entry for young people and that more attention should be given to job matching, information, and signaling to improve the efficiency of the churning period.
Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Apprenticeship --- Finding employment --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High unemployment --- Job experience --- Jobs --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Population Policies --- Social Protections and Labor --- Teenagers --- Total unemployment --- Wage employment --- Young adults --- Young people --- Young women --- Young workers --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth population --- Youth unemployment --- Youth unemployment rates --- Youth violence
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Vietnamandapos;s 50 million jobs are a cornerstone of its economic success. The transformation toward services and manufacturing, and impressive labor productivity and wage growth led to plunging poverty rates and globally enviable economic growth over the last decades. Employment rates are high and unemployment rates are low by global standards. The jobs challenge is to create more high quality and inclusive jobs. Shiny foreign factories paying above the minimum wage and offering social benefits typify, at best, only 2.1 million jobs. And registered domestic firms provide no more than 6 million jobs. Meanwhile, 38 million Vietnamese jobs are in family farming, household enterprises, or uncontracted labor. These traditional jobs tend to be characterized by low productivity, low profits, meager earnings, and few worker protections. While they have been a path out of poverty, they will not provide the means to reach the middle-class status that Vietnamandapos;s citizens aspire to. Ethnic minorities, women, and unskilled workers cluster in these jobs.
Agricultural productivity --- Agricultural sector economics --- Agriculture --- Employment --- Enterprise development and reform --- Food processing --- Gender --- Job creation --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Minimum wage --- Private sector development --- Skills development and labor force training --- Social protections and labor
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High youth unemployment rates may be a signal of difficult labor market entry for youth or may reflect high churning. The European and United States literature finds the latter conclusion while the Latin American literature suggests the former. This paper uses panel data to examine whether Latin American youth follow OECD patterns or are, indeed, unique. By decomposing transition matrices into propensity to move and rate of separation matrices and estimating duration matrices, the authors find that Latin American youth do follow the OECD trends: their high unemployment reflects high churning while their duration of unemployment is similar to that of non-youth. The paper also finds that young adults (age 19-24) have higher churning rates than youth; most churning occurs between informal wage employment, unemployment, and out-of-the labor force, even for non-poor youth; and unemployment probabilities are similar for men and women when the analysis control for greater churning by young men. The findings suggest that the "first employment" programs that have become popular in the region are not addressing the key constraints to labor market entry for young people and that more attention should be given to job matching, information, and signaling to improve the efficiency of the churning period.
Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Apprenticeship --- Finding employment --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High unemployment --- Job experience --- Jobs --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Population Policies --- Social Protections and Labor --- Teenagers --- Total unemployment --- Wage employment --- Young adults --- Young people --- Young women --- Young workers --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth population --- Youth unemployment --- Youth unemployment rates --- Youth violence
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Offering evidence from both detailed individual country studies and homogenized statistics across the Latin American and Caribbean region, this book examines the impact of the minimum wage on wages, employment, poverty, income distribution and government budgets in the context of a large informal sector and predominantly unskilled workforces.
Minimum wage. --- Minimum wage --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Latin America --- Social policy. --- Minimum wages --- Wages --- Living wage movement
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Youth at Risk in Latin America provides evidence-based guidance to policymakers that will help increase the effectiveness of their youth investment program. Drawing on the authors' detailed analyses, the book describes twenty-three policies and programs that youth development experts agree are the basis of a quality youth development portfolio, from early childhood development programs to parent training to cash transfers for positive behaviors. It also lays out strategies for implementing this effective youth portfolio in a budget-constrained environment by reallocation of resources away from
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A new literature on the nature of and policies for youth in Latin America is emerging, but there is still very little known about who are the most vulnerable young people. This paper aims to characterize the heterogeneity in the youth population and identify ex ante the youth that are at-risk and should be targeted with prevention programs. Using non-parametric methodologies and specialized youth surveys from Mexico and Chile, the authors quantify and characterize the different sub-groups of youth, according to the amount of risk in their lives, and find that approximately 20 percent of 18 to 24 year old Chileans and 40 percent of the same age cohort in Mexico are suffering the consequences of a range of negative behaviors. Another 8 to 20 percent demonstrate factors in their lives that pre-dispose them to becoming at-risk youth - they are the candidates for prevention programs. The analysis finds two observable variables that can be used to identify which children have a higher probability of becoming troubled youth: poverty and residing in rural areas. The analysis also finds that risky behaviors increase with age and differ by gender, thereby highlighting the need for program and policy differentiation along these two demographic dimensions.
Adolescent Health --- Alcohol --- Alcohol use --- Childhoods --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Marijuana use --- Risk taking --- Sexual activity --- Smoking --- Vulnerable young people --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth development
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Did the types of jobs that men and women hold change during the recent period of economic reforms in Argentina, Brazil, and Costa Rica? Among both men and women in all three countries (except Brazilian men), workers have become more likely to hold informal wage jobs and less likely to hold formal sector jobs.
Women --- Employment.
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